04 / Analysis
What becomes of the measurements
A design is half the work. The other half is deciding which effects are real,
whether the model holds, where the optimum sits — and how certain any of it is.
01Model & fit
- Regression with ANOVA — coefficients, F tests, R², adjusted and predicted R²
- Lack-of-fit test — separates model error from pure experimental error, where replicates exist
- Model selection — backward elimination by AIC/BIC without breaking term hierarchy
- Box-Cox — estimates the response transformation by profile likelihood, with an interval for λ
- Generalized regression — ridge path against ill-conditioned model matrices, selected by AIC/AICc/BIC
02Separating effects
- Half-normal plot — separates real effects from noise
- Pareto chart — effects by magnitude, with t and Bonferroni limits
- Lenth PSE — estimates error spread from the effects themselves when no degrees of freedom remain
- Two-stage DSD analysis — main effects from the fold-over space, quadratic terms from the difference space
03Diagnostics & prediction
- Residual analysis — studentised residuals, normal QQ, behaviour over prediction and run order
- Influence diagnostics — leverage, Cook's D, DFFITS
- Multicollinearity — VIF per term and the correlation matrix of the effects
- Prediction with intervals — confidence interval for the mean, prediction interval for a single measurement
- Confirmation runs — checks whether re-measured runs fall inside the model's prediction interval
04Structure & distribution
- Split-plot (REML) — its own error stratum for hard-to-change factors
- Split-split-plot (REML) — three randomisation strata instead of one
- Nested ANOVA — variance components of hierarchical units, via EMS and REML
- Mixed models — random effects with Wald inference on the variance components
- Binomial & Poisson GLM — IRLS with the canonical link, for proportions and counts
- Mixture ANOVA — Scheffé models without an intercept, plus mixture traces
05Optimisation & robustness
- Desirability (Derringer-Suich) — several responses into one weighted overall desirability
- Pareto front — shows what one objective costs the other
- Profiler & ramps — every quantity on its own track; drag a factor, see the effect at once
- Overlay / sweet spot — the region where every specification holds at the same time
- Propagation of error (POE) — the spread a response inherits from factors that are not set exactly
- Monte Carlo — distribution, defect rate and Cpk per response
- Robust parameter design — S/N ratios and two-step optimisation: variance first, then the mean
06Evaluating the design
- Power per effect — the probability of actually detecting an effect of a given size
- Replicates from power — how many replicates a target level requires
- Efficiencies & prediction variance — D, A and G efficiency, FDS curves, prediction variance across the region
- Strategy comparison — screen first and then refine, against one single large design
Every method follows a published standard reference cited in the source code —
Montgomery, Myers, Cornell, Box & Hunter, Scheffé, Jones & Nachtsheim,
McCullagh & Nelder and others.